Visitor Perceptions and Expectations toward Green Event Implementation: A Study of Leisure Events in Indonesia

Liza Khairunnisa Gultom; Rendy Sarudin; Adhi Tri Rachmadi; Julibeth M. Albarracin

doi:10.36256/ijtl.v7i2.627

Visitor Perceptions and Expectations toward Green Event Implementation: A Study of Leisure Events in Indonesia

Liza Khairunnisa Gultom, Rendy Sarudin, Adhi Tri Rachmadi, Julibeth M. Albarracin

Abstract

Leisure events, particularly music festivals in Indonesia, face sustainability challenges, yet research exploring visitor perspectives on this issue remains limited. This study aims to analyze the factors forming visitor perceptions and expectations regarding the implementation of green event concepts. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected via surveys from 400 respondents across three major music festivals in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Bali, and analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The EFA results revealed that physical indicators such as food and beverage, materials, and waste management are perceived by respondents as intrinsic parts of their personal experience (Perception) rather than separate external dimensions. Furthermore, CFA analysis confirmed that both Perception and Expectation variables significantly and positively influence green event assessment, with Expectation demonstrating a stronger impact. This study concludes that the successful implementation of green events relies heavily on integrating sustainability practices into visitors' subjective experiences and fulfilling their expectations.

Keywords

Green Event; Visitor Perceptions; Visitor Expectations; Music Festival; Leisure Event

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdulredha, M., Khaddar, R. AL, Jordan, D., Alattabi, A., & Alzeyadi, A. (2017). Public participation in solid waste management during mega festivals: A pilot study. World Congress on Sustainable Technologies, 38–41.

Andersson, T. D., Getz, D., & Mykletun, R. J. (2014). Festival and event management in Nordic countries.

Bauer, M. J., Naber, T., & Michel, L. S. (2024). How important is sustainability for visitors of rock and pop festivals ? Insights from a broad audience analysis in germany. AGORA: International Journal of Economical Sciences, 18(2), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.15837/aijes.v18i2.6937

Bladen, C., Kennell, J., Abson, E., & Wilde, N. W. (2017). Events Management. Routledge.

Borges, L. A., Rohrer, L., & Nilsson, K. (Eds.). (2024a). Green and healthy Nordic cities: How to plan, design, and manage health-promoting urban green space. https://doi.org/10.6027/R2024:11403-2503

Borges, L. A., Rohrer, L., & Nilsson, K. (2024b). Green and Healthy Nordic Cities (L. A. Borges, L. Rohrer, & K. Nilsson (Eds.)). https://doi.org/R2024:11403-2503

Brennan, M., & Scott, J. C. (2019). Do music festival communities address environmental sustainability and how? A Scottish case study. Popular Music, 38 (2), 252–275. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1017/S0261143019000035

Brooks, S., Magnin, A., & O’Halloran, D. (2009a). Rock On!: bringing strategic sustainable development to music festivals. Progress in Industrial Ecology, 6(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1504/PIE.2009.031066

Brooks, S., Magnin, A., & O’Halloran, D. (2009b). Rock On!: bringing strategic sustainable development to music festivals. Environmental Science, Education, Business Progress in Industrial Ecology. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1504/PIE.2009.031066

Buathong, K., & Lai, P. C. (2017). Perceived attributes of event sustainability in the MICE industry in Thailand: A viewpoint from governmental, academic, venue and practitioner. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071151

Cahigas, M. M. L., Prasetyo, Y. T., Nadlifatin, R., Persada, S. F., & Gumasing, M. J. J. (2023). Determinants of continuous visiting behavior to Palawan , Philippines : Integrating Uncertainty Reduction Theory and Expectation Confirmation Theory. PLoS ONEONE, 18(10), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291694

Čekrlija, S., & Milić, Z. (2024). The Significance of Tourist Consumption from the Perspective of Organizing Music Festivals. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0301133c

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (fifth). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Elvira, D., & Pratomo, L. A. (2023). Music Concert Promoters ’ Challenges To Achieve Sustainable Events For SDGS. Journal of Social Research, 2(9), 3231–3237.

Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017

Getz, D., & Page, S. J. (2024). Event Studies: Theory and Management for Planned Events. Taylor & Francis.

Gopinath, S. (2023). ICCA Business Analytics Country and City Rankings.

Gultom, L. K., Rinaldi, A. R., & Setiawati, Y. (2025). Sustainable Practices in the MICE Industry : Strategies and Challenges for Green Meetings in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Tourism and Leisure, Vol. 06, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.36256/ijtl.v6i1.508

Jenkins, S. C., Lachlan, R. F., & Osman, M. (2024). An integrative framework for mapping the psychological landscape of risk perception. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 10989. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59189-y

JMIC. (2022). A Net Zero Roadmap for the Events Industry (Issue November).

Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A Second Generation Little Jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291817

Kastanakis, M. N., & Voyer, B. G. (2014). The effect of culture on perception and cognition: A conceptual framework. Journal of Business Research, 67(4), 425–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.03.028

Khalufi, N. A. M., Sheikh, R. A., Khan, S. M. F. A., & Onn, C. W. (2025). Evaluating the Impact of Sustainability Practices on Customer Relationship Quality : An SEM-PLS Approach to Align with SDG. Sustainability, 17(2), 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020798

Laing, J., & Frost, W. (2010). International Journal of Hospitality Management How green was my festival : Exploring challenges and opportunities associated with staging green events. 29, 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.009

Larasti, A. K. (2022). Managing Carbon Footprint at Music Festivals : A Study at Glastonbury Festival. Gadjah Mada Journal of Tourism Studies, 114–128.

Li, X., Su, X., & Du, Y. (2021). The environmental sustainability of an exhibition in visitors’ eyes: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.12.006

Mair, J., & Laing, J. (2012). The greening of music festivals: motivations, barriers and outcomes. applying the Mair and Jago model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5), 683–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.636819

Martinho, G., Gomes, A., Ramos, M., Santos, P., Gonçalves, G., Fonseca, M., & Pires, A. (2018). Solid waste prevention and management at green festivals: A case study of the Andanças Festival, Portugal. Waste Management, 71, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.020

Music Declares Emergency (MDE). (2022). Report on the carbon footprint of Swiss music festivals 2022.

Octarina, D., & Kurniawan, J. (2021). Product Mix Pricing Applied in the Events Sector: Study of Generation Z Perceive the Pricing of Music Festival in Jakarta. International Journal of Social Science And Human Research, 04(03), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i3-05

Oliver, R. L. (1980). A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378001700405

Publicover, J. L., Wright, T. S., Baur, S., & Duinker, P. N. (2017). Music as a tool for environmental education and advocacy: artistic perspectives from musicians of the Playlist for the Planet. Environmental Education Research, 24(7), 925–936. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1365356

Ramely, A., Raziah, J. Z., Radha, R. R., & Mokhtar, M. F. (2022). Green Event Practices : Understanding The Adaptation Of Event Organisers Through A Systematic Review. 9(1), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v9i1.17295

Ramli, N., Ghazali, A. R., Rashid, N. M., Nordin, A., & Zamzuri, N. H. (2024). The Impact of Eco-Friendly Perceptions on Festival Attendees’ Decision-Making. Information Management and Business Review, 16(3), 107–113.

Rittichainuwat, B., & Mair, J. (2012). An Exploratory Study of Attendee Perceptions of Green Meetings. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 13(3), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2012.706786

Riva, F., Magrizos, S., Rubel, M. R. B., & Rizomyliotis, I. (2022). Green consumerism , green perceived value , and restaurant revisit intention : Millennials ’ sustainable consumption with moderating effect of green perceived quality. Business Strategy and the Environment, February, 2807–2819. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3048

Shone, A., & Parry, B. (2004). Successful Event Management: A Practical Handbook. Thomson Learning.

Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor Analysis as a Tool for Survey Analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2

Shukla, A., Mishra, A., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2025). Expectation Confirmation Theory: A review.

Sisson, A., & Alcorn, M. (2023). How Was Your Music Festival Experience ? Impacts on Loyalty , Word-of- Mouth , and Sustainability Behaviors. Event Management, January 2021, 565–585. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599521X16288665119495

The ASEAN Secretariat. (2020). ASEAN Guidelines on Green Meetings. In ASEAN guidelines on green meetings. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Wang, J. (2017). Perceptions of Individual Behavior in Green Event — From the Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective. 973–988. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2017.78070

Wardhana, A. (2024). Perilaku Konsumen di Era Digital (Issue June).

Widaman, K. F., & Helm, J. L. (2023). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology: Data Analysis and Research Publication, 3, 379–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000320-017

Wong, I. A., Wan, Y. K. P., Huang, G. I., & Qi, S. (2020). Green event directed pro-environmental behavior: an application of goal systems theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(11–12), 1948–1969. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1770770

Wong, I. A., Wan, Y. K. P., & Qi, S. (2015). Green events, value perceptions, and the role of consumer involvement in festival design and performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(2), 294–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.953542

Zelenika, I., Moreau, T., & Zhao, J. (2018). Toward zero waste events: Reducing contamination in waste streams with volunteer assistance. Waste Management, 76, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.030

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36256/ijtl.v7i2.627